英语翻译

I took it for granted that you would stay with us.
1.that从句用作took的宾语；
2.take it for granted是习惯用语,意思是“认为理所当然”其深层语法结构是复合宾语,it是形式宾语,代替拖后的that宾语从句,for granted是介词短语作宾语补足语；
直译：我把你与我们呆在一起认为是理所当然的事.
Mechanical advantage is the number of times the resistance forces is greater than the efforts.
1.主句:Mechanical advantage is the number of times greater than the efforts；
2.定语从句：the resistance forces is,先行词是the number,关系代词that省略；
3.be times greater than ...比...大数倍；
翻译：机诫效益是阻力对所施加力的数倍
你的理解“认为理所当然应该在一起”有些偏差,如果是那样的话,后面的that从句应该用虚拟语气,即：
I took it for granted that you should have stayed with us.（这里因为是对过去的虚拟,所以用should have stayed表示,意思是“本应该在一起”,言外之意不在一起.）
但是原句中主句和从句都是过去时态,依然是真实语气,所以实际上还会在一起的.事实上本句表达的是：你那时会和我们在一起,我当时认为这是理所当然的事.